Spinal architecture
Cervical
The cervical spine is made up of 7 vertebrae. Each vertebrae articulates with the one above and below creating a synovial joint. This region of the spine plays a critical role in protecting a portion of the brainstem, an area controlling some of the vital processes of life (heart and respiratory rate). The cervical spine primarily allows for rotational movement (turning side to side).
Thoracic
The thoracic spine includes 12 vertebrae. It’s unique in its structure and function in that it articulates with the ribs in addition to the vertebrae above and below. The thoracic spine also anchors the scapula (shoulder blade). The primary movement the thoracic spine allows for is side bending and mild rotation.
Lumbar
The lumbar spine consists of the 5 largest vertebrae in the spine. This is to accommodate the weight-bearing properties it has. The lumbar spine articulates with the sacrum (upside-down triangular bone in the low back). The biomechanical architecture of the lumbar spine allows primarily for flexion and extension (forward and backward bending).
Between each vertebrae sits an intervertebral disc, a cartilaginous structure that serves as a cushion for each vertebrae. When significant and repetitive stressors on the spine are left untreated, the discs begin to wear down resulting in less support, protection, and fluidity of movement between the vertebrae causing discomfort.